Cerium (Ce)
Cerium was discovered in 1803 and the metal was first prepared in 1875.
It is the most abundant rare-earth metal and is found in allanite (aka orthite), monazite, bastnasite, cerite, samarskite, and other minerals.
Cerium is a lustrous iron-gray metal that is malleable and oxidizes at room temperature, and the pure metal may ignite if scratched with a knife. Although cerium is not radioactive, the commercial-grade may contain traces of radioactive thorium.
Cerium oxide is an important constituent of incandescent gas mantles and is emerging as a hydrocarbon catalyst in self-cleaning ovens. Other cerium compounds are used in glassmaking, glass polishing agents, carbon-arc lighting, petroleum refining catalysts, and metallurgical and nuclear applications.
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